F NH4Cl benefits in a rise and lower respectively of EC volume. Such effects were, however, absent in astrocytes. Moreover, the removal of NH4Cl, which can be the basis of contemporary treatment of HE, resulted within a reduce in EC volume despite an accompanying transient boost in [Ca2+]i. Additional studies are needed to decide the connection between these events.Abbreviations ATP, adenosine-5′-triphosphate; BBB, blood rain barrier; [Ca2+]i, intracellular calcium concentration; ECs, endothelial cells; [H+]i, intracellular H+ concentration; HA, hyperammonemia; HE, hepatic encephalopathy; pHi, intracellular pH; SBS common bathing remedy. Acknowledgments This perform was supported by grant P3-0019 in the Slovenian Research Agency. We thank Dr. Damijana Mojca Juric for kindly preparing and maintaining astrocyte cultures, which produced our experiments attainable, and Prof. Roger Pain for reading the manuscript. Authors’ contributions MB participated within the design and style with the study, evaluation of the benefits and he performed pH, Ca2+ and volume measurements.Formula of 1370535-33-3 AV participated inside the style of your study and evaluation on the benefits, like statistical analysis and graphical presentations of your results. DS was responsible for the design and style of the study, analysis from the results, discussion, preparation and finalization with the manuscript. All authors read and approved the final manuscript. Competing interests The authors declare that they have no competing interests. Received: 22 July 2015 Accepted: 29 DecemberReferences 1. Ferenci P, Lockwood A, Mullen K, Tarter R, Weissenborn K, Blei AT. Hepatic encephalopathy efinition, nomenclature, diagnosis, and quantification: final report of the working celebration in the 11th Globe Congresses of Gastroenterology, Vienna 1998. Hepatology. 2002;35:7161. 2. Frederick RT. Present concepts in the pathophysiology and management of hepatic encephalopathy. Gastroenterol Hepatol (N Y). 2011;7:2223. 3. Ferenci P. Hepatic encephalopathy: Pathogenesis. in: UpToDate (Runyon, B.A., Ed.^, Eds.), Uptodate, Waltham, MA; 2015. 4. Clemmesen JO, Larsen FS, Kondrup J, Hansen BA, Ott P. Cerebral herniation in patients with acute liver failure is correlated with arterial ammonia concentration.tert-Butyl (2-iodoethyl)carbamate Order Hepatology. 1999;29:6483. doi:10.1002/hep.510290309. 5. Felipo V, Butterworth RF. Neurobiology of ammonia. Prog Neurobiol. 2002;67:2599. six. Kramer L, Tribl B, Gendo A, Zauner C, Schneider B, Ferenci P, Madl C. Comparison of ammonia partial pressure and total ammonia in hepatic encephalopathy. Hepatology. 2000;31:30. 7. Ferenci, P. Hepatic encephalopathy in adults: Remedy. in: UpToDate (Runyon, B.PMID:25046520 A., Ed.^, Eds.), UpToDate, Waltham, MA; 2015. 8. Haussinger D, Schliess F. Astrocyte swelling and protein tyrosine nitration in hepatic encephalopathy. Neurochem Int. 2005;47:640. doi:10.1016/j.neuint.2005.04.008. 9. Jayakumar AR, Rama Rao KV, Tong XY, Norenberg MD. Calcium within the mechanism of ammonia-induced astrocyte swelling. J Neurochem. 2009;109 Suppl 1:252. doi:ten.1111/j.1471-4159.2009.05842.x. 10. Haussinger D, Kircheis G, Fischer R, Schliess F, vom Dahl S. Hepatic encephalopathy in chronic liver illness: a clinical manifestation of astrocyte swelling and low-grade cerebral edema J Hepatol. 2000;32:1035. 11. Cordoba J, Blei AT. Brain edema and hepatic encephalopathy. Semin Liver Dis. 1996;16:2710. doi:10.1055/s-2007-1007240.Bartoli et al. Cellular Molecular Biology Letters (2016) 21:Page 16 of12. Jover R, Rodrigo R, Felipo V, Insausti R, Saez-Valero J.